Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Struggling with focus, constantly having a whirlwind of thoughts, finding it hard to maintain concentration for more than a moment, and always being on the go... Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) seem to live life in the fast lane. Though often diagnosed in children, ADHD also significantly affects many adults, impacting their daily lives, sometimes without their realization. But what exactly is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? In this article, uncover the causes of ADHD, associated symptoms, its consequences, and existing solutions to better manage it daily.

What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder of neurobiological origin affecting 2 to 4% of the general population. It commonly refers to behavior varying between inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity in children or adults. Listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), ADHD is often associated with other conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia or sleep disorders, and mood disorders like bipolar disorder or depression.

In essence, an individual with ADHD struggles significantly to maintain focus and concentration on a single task for extended periods. They are more easily distracted, impatient, and restless than others generally. While lack of concentration or impulsive behaviors can be common, ADHD is specifically identified when symptoms significantly impact schooling, relationships, and the individual's quality of life: severe learning difficulties leading to failure or even school phobia, relationship problems, development of stress and anxiety...

Generally, early signs of this disorder are noticed in childhood, around 10 to 12 years old. For this reason, ADHD is more commonly discussed in children than adults. However, many adults continue to suffer from these disturbing symptoms that hinder their daily lives. Indeed, about 50% of children with ADHD continue to experience it into adulthood. Thus, numerous studies have been conducted on children with ADHD, but very few on adults.

Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD manifests through three main symptom categories:

• Signs of inattention
• Signs of hyperactivity
• Signs of impulsivity

These symptoms can be fully present, partially, or to varying degrees in different individuals. Generally, a mix of these three major axes is observed within the same day, with cycles of varying length.

1. Symptoms of Inattention in ADHD

These signals are often cited first as they are the most noticeable.

• Difficulty staying focused on a task
• Easily drifting off from a subject of attention
• Disturbed by the slightest disruptive element
• Struggling to maintain attention for a long duration
• Difficulty following a long conversation

2. Symptoms of Hyperactivity in ADHD

Hyperactivity is a strong marker of this disorder.

• Need to switch actions rapidly
• Often distracted by environmental elements
• Sometimes feeling demotivated without apparent reason
• Difficulty making decisions and frequently changing them
• Unable to stay still during quiet moments

3. Symptoms of Impulsivity in ADHD

Impulsivity is marked by:

• Tendency to speak or act without thinking
• Explosive and powerful temperament
• Capability of quitting everything impulsively
• Frequently fluctuating emotions
• Often finishing others' sentences

Causes of ADHD

The exact causes of ADHD remain unclear, but there is an interplay between genetic and environmental factors contributing to the development of ADHD.

• Neonatal Factor: Substance use during pregnancy increases the risk of behavioral disorders in children, including ADHD.
• Genetic Factor: There's a significant genetic influence in ADHD's development, estimated to be responsible for about 75% of cases.
• Environmental Factor: Exposure to certain substances or toxins such as lead, mercury, certain additives, or trauma contributes to ADHD development.

Consequences of ADHD

ADHD can significantly impact various aspects of life:

• Academic Difficulties: Noticeable effects of ADHD symptoms on schooling, leading to learning difficulties and potential failure.
• Conflicts with Surroundings: Strained relationships due to misunderstanding and the complex nature of ADHD.
• Self-Devaluation: Low self-esteem stemming from early signs of ADHD, persisting into adulthood if untreated.
• Addictive Behaviors: Increased risk of substance abuse as a form of self-medication.
• Sleep Disorders: Insomnia and disrupted sleep patterns due to constant overactivity.
• Anxiety and Depression Risks: High incidence of mood disorders among individuals with ADHD.

Managing ADHD

Diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing ADHD's impacts on life.

• Diagnosis: Conducted by a healthcare professional, involving clinical interviews and possibly neuropsychological assessments to distinguish ADHD from other conditions.
• Medication: Stimulant medications like amphetamines or methylphenidate can help regulate attention span and hyperactivity.
• Psychotherapeutic Support: Various therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and group therapy, offer effective ways to manage ADHD symptoms and improve quality of life.

While the journey may be challenging, with the right support and tailored interventions, individuals with ADHD can lead healthier, more balanced lives.